Chapter 46 of the Tao Te Ching discusses the consequences of desires and contentment, particularly in the context of societal values and individual well-being. It starts with the assertion that when the world follows the Tao, horses are used to plow fields; but when the world does not follow the Tao, warhorses are bred on the outskirts of cities. This metaphor highlights the shift from peace and simplicity to conflict and complexity when societies move away from the Taoist principles of harmony and natural living.
The chapter can be interpreted to comment on emotions by illustrating how desires and the lack of contentment lead to internal and external turmoil. When desires are unchecked and people are not content with what they have, it leads to a state of constant seeking and dissatisfaction, which can be seen as a source of negative emotions such as anxiety, envy, and frustration. In contrast, when individuals and societies align with the Tao — embracing simplicity, contentment, and a reduction of unnecessary desires — peace and positive emotional states are more readily achieved.
This teaches that emotional well-being is deeply connected to our values and the way we choose to live our lives. By prioritizing simplicity and contentment, and by reducing our desires for external things that do not bring lasting happiness, we can cultivate a more peaceful and harmonious emotional state. This approach aligns with the Taoist view of living in accordance with the natural order of the world, where true satisfaction comes from understanding and embracing the essence of life, rather than from the pursuit of material success and external achievements.
Furthermore, the metaphor of using horses for war versus agriculture can be extended to the management of emotions. When emotions are guided by unchecked desires and ambitions, they can lead to conflict and suffering, much like warhorses ready for battle. However, when emotions are nurtured in a context of contentment and simplicity, they can contribute to personal growth and well-being, similar to horses that peacefully plow the fields.